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Exploring Human Behavior and Death Anxiety Through Art
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For centuries, Native Americans have peeled away the outer bark of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) trees to obtain the tree’s soft inner bark (cambium layer) for food and medicine. In addition to using the inner layer of bark for food and medicinal tea, the Utes used the sap to waterproof containers and the bark to make cradleboards. Peeling leaves a permanent scar on the tree.

Today these centuries-old trees, known as culturally modified or peeled trees, mark the presence of Ute Indians who once lived in the Tava (Sun Mountain) region of Colorado.

A culturally modified tree is defined as “a tree that has been altered by native people as part of their traditional use of the forests” (Styrd, 1998). Culturally modified trees are an important part of the archaeological and historical record of the Utes.

Culturally modified trees provide information about Ute lifeways, disclose areas of occupation, mark paths the Utes followed, and indicate food resources.

When peeling trees, the Utes would make a horizontal cut through the bark on the outside of the tree with a hatchet or sharp stone. Hatchets made straight lines while a sharp stone left jagged lines. After making a cut on the tree, a sharpened branch or pole was placed under the cut and the bark was pried away from the tree. Strips of inner bark were then removed from the outer bark with a scraper.

The oval or rectangular-shaped scars left by the Utes on ponderosa pine trees can be very large–up to eight feet long and two feet wide.

Not all scars found on trees were made by Utes. Forest fires leave a triangular-shaped scar with the widest edge along the bottom of the tree. Scars caused by lightning are long and thin, extending along the length of the tree. At times lightning scars spiral around the tree. Animals like elk, porcupines, and bears also leave scars, which are often visible.

Tree-ring dating conducted by Golden archaeologist Marilyn Martorano at several Colorado sites shows that the Utes peeled most of the culturally scarred trees between 1815 and 1875 (Martorano, 1981). This period was one of the profound changes in Colorado. First trappers arrived, then miners came searching for gold, and finally, farmers and ranchers followed–all pushing the Utes from their land. As more people swarmed into the region, food became scarce. This led the Utes to peel trees for food at a greater rate.

(From the Friends of the Florissant Fossil Beds)

Plate #4 Ponderosa Pine Tree - Dry Collodion Negative & Old Kallitype Process

Quinn Jacobson August 25, 2022

There are so many options to explore when you have collodion negatives. I think what most people miss when they’re only making positives (Tintype and Ambrotypes) is the wide range of prints you can get from a good negative.

The old Kallitype process post development, pre-clearing. All of the chemistry is different or used differently in comparison to the modern version of the process.

Lately, I’ve been exploring the old Kallitype processes. The modern version is a great alternative to Platinum Palladium as far as cost, but there are some drawbacks. I’ve made a lot of prints (the modern version) and find while they are beautiful, the original processes have a special something about them, starting with color. There seems to be more detail in the mid-tones as well. I’m going to do more testing, but I do know that Palladiotypes and Kallitypes are my “go-to” printing processes for this work.

Next year, I’ll be making a book of this work. It will involve printing the selected images on Revere Platinum paper and then binding the images with a page of text and a sheet of vellum between the print and text page. The book will be 40 images (roughly), 40 pages of text, and 40 pieces of vellum. Roughly 80 pages and vellum bound together (a lay-flat style) and then a cover put on it. The book will be 11” x 14” (28 x 36cm) I have high hopes of making five of these books over the coming years.


← Looking At Photographs: Plate #112 and Plate #113New Work: Plate #111 - Medicine Wheel & Deer Antlers →

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